indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
I; me; self-centered man; egotistical man; pompous man
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
dreadful; terrible; horrible; fearsome; formidable; awesome
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to pull out; to take out; to lead out (e.g. a horse from a stable); to summon (e.g. to court); to withdraw (money); to draw
commandant; commanding officer; general
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
to guess; to sense; to presume; to sympathize with; to sympathise with
banzai; hurray; something to cheer about; something worthy of celebration; giving up; throwing one's hands up
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see