indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to shut one's eyes; to ignore; to pretend not to know; to die
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
beyond this point; from now on; after this
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
be on your guard!; take care!
adds force or indicates command