indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
revival; reconstruction; restoration; rebuilding; recovery; renaissance
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
medical care; medical treatment
support; backing; aid; assistance
here and there; all around; everywhere; to get things in the wrong order (back to front); to become muddled up
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
in the meanwhile; during the time
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as