indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
body; group; party; company; troupe
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
secret information; intelligence
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to kick the bucket; to drop dead; to die; to be pooped; to be exhausted; to be knackered
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be disconnected; to get out of place; to miss the mark; to get it wrong (e.g. guess, expectation); to be removed; to be excluded
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")