indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
to burn; to scorch; to char; to singe
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener); like that; that sort of
housework; domestic chores; family affairs; household matters
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)