indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
charge; custody; safekeeping; deposit; storage
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
robbery; pillage; seizure; hijacking; plunder; extortion
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
eastern direction; the Orient; eastern fighter in a match (e.g. sumo wrestling)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
commandant; commanding officer; general
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
revival; restoration; resuscitation
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly