pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
very early in the morning; so early in the morning; at this ungodly hour
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
strongly; violently; quickly; suddenly
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
habit (often a bad habit, i.e. vice); tendency; peculiarity; idiosyncrasy; crease; wrinkle
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
senior high school; high school
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)