indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
social dance; ballroom dancing
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
first day (e.g. at work, school); day one
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cola (carbonated soft drink); kola tree (Cola acuminata, etc.); cola tree
shiruko; sweet red-bean soup with mochi
tea (usu. green); tea break (at work); tea ceremony
corridor; hallway; passageway
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to