indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
battlefield; battleground
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
newspaper reporter; print journalist
seeing one off; farewell; escort
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
half-moon; half a month; semicircle
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
one's house; one's home; one's family
envious; jealous; enviable (position, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
observation; survey; watching
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then