indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to falter; to flinch (from); to recoil (from); to quail (at)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to impose; to visit upon; to inflict
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
main force; chief object; mainline
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
armed forces; military; troops
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
emperor's teacher; imperial army
to overwhelm (e.g. an opponent); to overpower; to overwhelm (someone with emotion); to move; to intimidate; to frighten
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
people; citizens; subjects; folk
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
wrong impression; subjective impression; assumption; prejudice
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
vista; view; scene; counter for scenes (in a play)
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
interference; intervention; meddling
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up