that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
discovery; detection; finding
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at that time; in those days
science and technology; scientific technique
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
giant; great man; Tokyo Giants (baseball team)
origin; source; history; originally; from the start; by nature
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
property; fortune; assets
monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity; hogging; keeping to oneself
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
pressure; stress; pressure (e.g. political); coercion; arm-twisting
by means of; due to; because of; according to
control; management (e.g. of a business)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
study; research; investigation
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)