elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
relatives; one's family; friends; members of the same organization; followers; henchmen
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how; in what way; how about
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
hair; fur; wool; down; plumage
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)