why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
carpenter's square; instigation; suggestion
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
present (brought by a visitor); gift
to cling to ... in tears; to beg ... in tears; to appeal; to throw oneself on someone's mercy
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to join hands together; to join forces; to collaborate
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
lukewarm; tepid; half-hearted; vague; lenient; mild
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)