indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be astonished; to be amazed; to be astounded; to be deeply impressed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to be needed; to be wanted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
development; exploitation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to play dumb; to feign ignorance; to play the fool; to be in one's dotage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
crocodile; alligator; (arch.) shark
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
being settled quickly; reaching a quick conclusion; no need to say any more; no problem
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
study; research; investigation
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
sample; example; specimen; display model (e.g. plastic food models used by restaurants)
numerical value; numerics; reading (on a meter, etc.)
control value; minimal required value
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)