pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to carry off; to run away with; to sweep away; to take entirely for oneself; to monopolize
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
to take (someone) away; to carry off; to abduct; to kidnap
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
time; hour; period; class
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
destination; whereabouts; future; prospects
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
please (give me); please (do for me)
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
adventure; venture; venture which is unlikely to succeed; risky attempt; danger
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)