indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
history of a nation; Japanese history
large dictionary; comprehensive dictionary; unabridged dictionary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
unable to compete with; not able to make a dent in (e.g. a problem); not able to get a solid hit in (e.g. in a fight); hard to chew
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
zealous; enthusiastic; ardent; fervent; keen; eager
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
as a test; as an experiment; by way of experiment; by way of trial; tentatively
how; in what way; how about
is it?; isn't it?; be; is
a little bit; a little while
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
change of tone; variation (music); irregularity; modulation (in radio)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy