that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ability; gift; talent; sai; traditional unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
breaking off a relationship; permanent breach of friendship; rupture
difficult to ...; hard to ...
beast (i.e. any animal other than man); person reborn into the animal realm; brute (i.e. a contemptible human being); damn it; damn
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
pretending not to know; feigning ignorance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
degenerate age; corrupt word; age of the decline of Buddhism; latter days of the law
heresy; dangerous religion; (arch.) Christianity
early Japanese Christianity (from the later Muromachi period); early Japanese Christian
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
addition; increase; Canada
ratio; proportion; match; equal; explicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing); Philippines
red earth (i.e. containing cinnabar or minium); vermilion
red hair; Westerner (esp., originally, the Dutch)
mystery; something inexplicable; unfathomable (of a Buddha's abilities); 10^64 (or 10^80)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)