how; in what way; how about; questionable
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pile up; to accumulate; to estimate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be disordered; to be disarranged; to be discomposed; to be upset; to lapse into chaos (due to war, etc.)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to creep in; to steal in; to sneak in
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
button (clothing); push-button
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
model; pattern; paragon; exemplar
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
shirt (undergarment); undershirt; singlet; shirt (outerwear; usu. with collar and buttons)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
your husband; her husband
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); one's husband; (one's) employer; (one's) master; host
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
hereditary occupational group (Yamato period)
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")