indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
in that way; thus; so; so?
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
trivial; not amounting to much
somehow (or other); for some reason; without knowing why; something (or other); some ... or other
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
absence due to illness; sick leave
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
wait-and-see (situation, stance, etc.); waiting to see (how things play out); watching developments (before acting)