year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
despotic government; autocracy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
galactic empire (in science fiction)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
design (on a banner); emblem (on a flag); insignia; banner (e.g. of democracy); slogan; cause
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
long (time); longstanding; for a long time
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
looking on; remaining a spectator
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
self-government; autonomy; local (governmental) autonomy
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
place; situation; position; location
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
probability; likelihood; chances
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very