citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
government; administration
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
support; backing; endorsement; support; holding up; propping
price; cost; value; worth; value
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
tenth day of the month; ten days
Schwartz; Schwarz; Shvarts; Swartz; Szwarc
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
front and rear; front and back; before and after; around; about; order; context
Reinhard; Reinhardt; Reinhart
whole universe; total universe; all of creation
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
departure; departing (from ...); sending; sent (by ...); engine; counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
astonishment; amazement; surprise; fright; shock
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
Hellmuth; Helmut; Hermuth
advanced level; high grade; senior
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
retiring from military service