history of; experience of
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
Reinhard; Reinhardt; Reinhart
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
relocation of the capital; transfer of the capital
command; order; dictation; nth year in the Reiwa era (May 1, 2019-)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fort; stronghold; fortification
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
future (usually near); prospects
anyhow; anyway; somehow or other; apart from ...; setting ... aside
at present; currently; so far; for now; for the time being
personal; individual; private
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
in range; within the limits (of...); within (a) range
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
processing; dealing with; treatment; disposition; disposal
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
war; battle; match; game; competition
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
abbreviation; omission; outline; gist; plan; strategy
ago; since; before; previous
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
just as; in the act of; as soon as; at the moment that
willingness (e.g. to do something); eagerness; motivation; inspiration; determination; high aspirations
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
in that way; thus; so; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
I see; that's right; indeed
-less; lacking; non-existing