indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
existence; being; survival; to exist; to live; to survive
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
draft; draught; handprint; signed hand-print
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
unwillingly; reluctantly; against one's will
barrier; checkpoint; checking station
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
to force one's way through
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
brave general; brave warrior; courageous general
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pursuit (of a fleeing enemy); chase
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
loyalty; allegiance; fidelity
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
news; word; tidings; omen
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
river; stream; River; the ... river
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to make good one's escape; to escape to a safe place; to make one's getaway; to effect one's escape
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
counter for buildings (esp. houses); suffix for a pen name, stage name, etc.
farmer; farming family; farmhouse
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
rescue; extricate; reclaim; deliverance