indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
imperial envoy; imperial messenger
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bribe; sweetener; douceur
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
petition; complaint; (legal) brief
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
beginning; start; clue; lead; thread end
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to knock down; to beat up (till unable to stand)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
decomposition; putrefaction; putrescence; corruption; degeneracy; decay
brother-in-law; stepbrother; sworn brother
to penetrate; to sink in; to devote oneself (to); to do intently and exclusively; to do throughout (e.g. the night)
government service; official position; civil service
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to leave the government service
Yellow Turban Rebellion (China; 184 CE)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryo system)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
again; once more; a second time
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to follow in succession; to happen one after another
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ten; 10; ten years of age
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)