this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
southern country; southern provinces; southern lands
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
time; hour; period; class
long ago; already; a long time ago
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to knock down; to shoot down; to lop off
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
unexpectedly; surprisingly; unexpected; unanticipated; unforeseen
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do