if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
denial; negation; negation (logic); NOT operation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
natural (physical) environment
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
impossible; unlikely; improbable
such ... as; or some such
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
in the same way as; just like
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
by means of; due to; because of; according to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
development; exploitation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
by nature; naturally; by birth; inborn
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
go that far; to that extent
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives