indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
occupation (e.g. of territory); exclusive possession
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to disappear; to vanish; to abscond; to decamp
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
secrecy; highly classified information
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
being well versed (in); being well acquainted (with); being familiar (with); (a boy's) first ejaculation; spermarche; semenarche
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
before oneself; in front of one; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location); one's standpoint; one's appearance; skill
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
stopping (of a train, car, etc.); stop
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
to be found; to be discovered
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
infiltration; sneaking in; going undercover
restoration; restitution; rehabilitation
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
quick; speedy; prompt; rapid; swift
recovery; rescue; recapture
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
smuggling (people); stowing away
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation