indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
counter for suits of clothing; arriving at ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ago; since; before; previous
capture (of enemy weapons, supplies, etc.); seizure; plunder
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
leak of official secrets; leaking of confidential information
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
plan; scheme; (payment) plan; package; deal
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to send; to forward; to hand over (e.g. money)
so-so; passable; now, now; my, my
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to give (someone) a treat; to be extravagant; to live luxuriously; to be proud; to be haughty
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sake cup; cup for alcoholic beverages; counter for cupfuls, bowlfuls, spoonfuls, etc.; counter for boats; counter for octopuses and squid; cup (in sports)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...