indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
laugh; laughter; smile; sneer; sex aids (e.g. dildos, pornographic books, erotic woodblock prints, etc.)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
common gull (Larus canus); mew gull; gull (Laridae spp.); seagull
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
to be filled with strength; to be filled with effort; to be enthusiastic about; to be tired (ironic)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest