hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
long ago; already; a long time ago
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hereditary occupational group (Yamato period)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
footwork; mobility; flexibility; adaptability
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
I see; that's right; indeed
some nerve (as in 'you must have some nerve to ...')
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to get mad; to be highly offended; to get pissed off; to get angry; to lose one's cool
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
inconsequential; indifferent; not worth worrying about; whatever; whichever; I don't care
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in the hospital; hospitalized