indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
flowering crab apple (Malus halliana); Kaido crab apple (Malus micromalus); Chinese flowering apple (Malus spectabilis); Siberian crab apple (Malus baccata); aronia (flower)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
irresponsible; perfunctory; lukewarm; half-baked; reasonable; moderate
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
consent; assent; agreement; understanding; comprehension; grasp
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(not) even once; (not) ever
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible