indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
emigration; immigration; emigrant; immigrant
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
artificial; man-made; human work; human skill; artificiality
town; city; municipal; urban
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
people; men and women; each person; everybody
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
Japanese pronunciation of a kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations)
dukedom; duchy; principality
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
federal government (e.g. USA, Australia, Mexico, Germany, Canada)
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group