indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
confluence (of rivers); merge (of traffic); conflux; union (e.g. of forces); linking up; merging
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
gorilla (Gorilla spp., esp. western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla)
destination; whereabouts; future; prospects
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
various countries; various regions; various provinces
center; centre; middle; Chūbu region (incl. Aichi, Nagano, Shizuoka, Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Yamanashi and Gifu prefectures)
town; city; municipal; urban
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
eastern direction; the Orient; eastern fighter in a match (e.g. sumo wrestling)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to pursue
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to get dark; to grow dark; to end (of a day, year, season, etc.); to come to an end; to be sunk in (e.g. despair); to be lost in (e.g. thought)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
settlement; village; community; (bacterial) colony