Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica); flowering bamboo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
suffix for familiar person
beginning; outset; first; onset
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
to be effective; to take effect; to work; to function well; to be possible (to do, use, etc.); to be able to
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
sermon; preaching; remonstration; scolding; lecturing
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
convenient; favorable; favourable; expedient; expedience
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
gap; space; break; interlude; chink (in one's armor, armour); chance
to press for an answer; to shower questions on someone
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
to exorcise; to cleanse; to purify
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
while; even though; despite