indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
abduction; kidnapping; kidnaping
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
wisteria (esp. Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda); wistaria
special; particular; peculiar; unique
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
by means of; due to; because of; according to
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa); moutan; wild boar (meat)
one by one; one after another; successively
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to use somebody's (argument, attack) against them
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to get back; to regain; to recover; to make up (for); to catch up on
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
all present; all concerned; all of us
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand in the way (esp. with legs spread out); to block the way; to stand in the way (e.g. of progress); to obstruct
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
how; in what way; how about