honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
receiving; reception; eating; drinking; please; please do for me
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to turn; to rotate; to pass around; to send around; to move (someone or something to where its needed); to send; to turn (to a new use)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
chain; chaining; connection; (genetic) linkage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to graze (e.g. bullet); to scratch; to touch lightly; to take a percentage; to exploit; to squeeze
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry