card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do over again; to redo; to start over; to remake; to resume; to recommence
please (give me); please (do for me)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
use; utilization; utilisation; application
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to obey respectfully; to humble oneself; to sit straight (upright, respectfully, attentively)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
how long; how much; to what extent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
after all; in the end; anyway; (cannot) possibly; (not) at all; (not) by any means
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
how; in what way; how about