here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
aquatic (life); living in the water
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
environment; circumstance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be associated (with); to be connected (with)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
public-private partnership; PPP; point-to-point protocol; PPP
very popular; highly favoured
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!