here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
to pass (of time); to elapse
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sale; selling; selling point; gimmick; seller; vendor
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
restriction; restraint; binding; constraint
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to eat up and spoil (e.g. crops); to eat away; to eat a bit of everything; to encroach upon; to take over
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only