indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
reclamation (e.g. wasteland); cultivation; development; pioneering; opening up (e.g. new market); breaking new ground
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(weather) front; front line; forward area; action zone
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
construction; establishment
fall; drop; descent; coming down
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
trigger (of a gun, etc.); trigger (for something); immediate cause
devastating; catastrophic; crushing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(suffer) deterioration; growing worse; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
war; fighting; fierce competition
by means of; due to; because of; according to
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
collapse; crumbling; breaking down; (radioactive) decay; disintegration
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
duration; continuance; survival; persistence; retention
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
town; city; municipal; urban
to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)