indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; similar; (just) like; equal
human; human-like; as a person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
charge; custody; safekeeping; deposit; storage
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
storehouse; warehouse; godown
to scatter away; to blast away; to blow away (via explosion)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university