indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
such; this sort of; like this
how; in what way; how about
beginning; outset; first; onset
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
myself; yourself; I; me; you
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
screen (of a TV, computer, etc.); image (on a screen); picture; surface of a painting (picture, drawing, etc.)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
in some way or other; one way or another; somehow; only just; barely
then; and then; and; if so; because then; if that's the case
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
judgement; judgment; decision; adjudication; award; verdict
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to entrust (e.g. a task) to another; to leave to; to passively leave to someone else's facilities; to leave to take its natural course; to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim); to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
dropping out; falling behind; omission; being left out; falling off; coming off
incorrect; wrong; incorrect interpretation (answer, solution)
batsu game; punishment given to the loser of a game or contest
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
school building; schoolhouse
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
to name; to call; to christen; to term
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
I don't know ...; how about ...?; I wonder; what about ..?