he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pillar; post; support; prop; counter for buddhas, gods, nobles, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be accompanied by; to be attended by; to take along (someone); to conquer; to subjugate; to subdue
rank; ranking order; hierarchy
indicates position in a sequence; divisions of a kabuki performance
supreme ruler; generalissimo; president (of Taiwan); führer; fuehrer
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
representation; agency; proxy; deputy; agent; attorney
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
candidate; contender; prospect; candidacy; candidature; nomination
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
eel (esp. the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica)
jello (gelatin-based dessert); jelly; gel; jelly
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
confections; sweets; candy; cake
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
adds force or indicates command
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
princess; spoiled girl; hothouse flower; glue