indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
observance (of laws, rules, etc.); adherence; obeying; following; abiding by; compliance
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
order of chivalry; chivalric order
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
rule; reign; government; governing
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
armed forces; military; troops
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to come alive; to get going; to start to move
to avenge (somebody) by striking down their killer
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember