four; four years of age; ten o'clock (old time system); Burakumin; cross grips
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
library (usu. single-room); small library
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
noisy; boisterous; turbulent (era, etc.); troubled
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
paradise; heaven; Kingdom of Heaven
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come and stay; to drop in; to visit
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
door; gate; opening; title page
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
host (of a party, summit, etc.); host (of male host club)
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building