earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); ingredient; leaven (bread); cause
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wing; Chinese "Wings" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); (arch.) counter for birds or bird wings
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
haughty; arrogant; insolent; proud; overbearing
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use