indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sermon; preaching; remonstration; scolding; lecturing
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gong (instrument); gong (sound at the end of round, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
while it may be true that; just because; nevertheless; not necessarily
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to get angry; to snap; to blow one's top; to lose one's temper; to flip
to resort to violence; to use force; to be able to get; to be able to afford; to jab; to swing at a bad ball (baseball)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(just) making sure; just to be sure; just in case; for caution's sake
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
what's the matter?; what's wrong?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo