indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be in a hurry; to be impatient; to be anxious (to do); to get a fright; to panic; to get flustered
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
embodying; expressing concretely
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
watch-keeping; guard; lookout
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
relaxation; recreation; recess
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
central; main; just (done); freshly (baked); counter for consecutive losses
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to miss (e.g. a chance); to lose; to set free; to let go; to fail to ...
to tattle; to tell on; to inform a superior of someone's actions
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
two persons; two people; pair; couple
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...