professor; teaching; instruction
lower layer; layer beneath; lower strata (classes)
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
like this; this sort; this way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
prop; stay; support; brace; fulcrum
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
strict; severe; stringent; rigorous; rigid; firm
control; management (e.g. of a business)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
accompanying; travelling together; traveling together; same bank
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
elevator; lift; elevator (aviation)
misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
repair workshop; garage; repairman
taste; elegance; appearance; air; the likes of ...; lowly people such as ...
to get carried away; to get overly elated; to become over-excited; to get up to speed; to move into gear
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in that way; thus; so; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!