popular name; common name; nickname; alias
defense; defence; protection
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
stronghold; inner citadel; base; headquarters
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
base (military, expedition, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
study; research; investigation
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
maintenance; servicing; putting in place; establishment; development
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
development; exploitation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from the beginning; from the first; all along; of course
troops; group members; team members
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
everyday life; daily life
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
function; facility; faculty; feature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
summarization; summary; generalization; review (by labour or political movements of past activities, results, etc.)
management; administration; operation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
unsanitary condition; lack of hygienic care; inattention to hygiene; unhygienic conditions
while; during; while; although; all; both
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top